Cardiology

Heart failure (HF) is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for oxygen and nutrients. It can result from coronary artery disease, previous heart attack, high blood pressure, valvular disease, or cardiomyopathy. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) represents a significant subset of patients who require specialized therapeutic interventions.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the heart’s atrial chambers. This condition significantly increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, and other cardiovascular complications. AF can be paroxysmal (episodic), persistent, or permanent, and requires careful management of both rhythm control and anticoagulants

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of conditions caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, ranging from stable angina to unstable angina, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and sudden cardiac death. These conditions are primarily the result of atherosclerotic plaque buildup in the coronary arteries, which can lead to partial or complete vessel obstruction.

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a chronic medical condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, kidney disease, and other serious health complications. Resistant hypertension, defined as blood pressure that remains above target despite treatment with three or more antihypertensive medications, represents a particularly challenging patient population.