Dermatology

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological conditions worldwide. It particularly affects adolescents and young adults. The condition results from follicular hyperkeratinization and excess sebum production. Additionally, bacterial colonization by Cutibacterium acnes and inflammation play key roles. Acne can range from mild comedonal forms to severe presentations, and nodular or cystic variants may result in scarring and significant psychological distress.

Plaque psoriasis is the most common form of psoriasis, accounting for approximately 80–90% of all cases. This chronic autoimmune inflammatory skin disease is characterized by well-demarcated, raised plaques. These red lesions are covered with silvery-white scales and result from accelerated skin-cell turnover. The plaques commonly appear on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back, although they can develop anywhere on the body. Beyond skin manifestations, the condition may be associated with psoriatic arthritis and can significantly impact patients’ psychological well-being and quality of life.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive melanocyte loss, resulting in depigmented patches of skin. The condition can affect any area of the body; however, it commonly appears on the face, hands, and friction-exposed areas. Vitiligo can have profound psychological and social impacts due to its visible nature. The disease is classified as segmental or non-segmental, with non-segmental vitiligo being more common and often exhibiting bilateral distribution.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), commonly known as eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by intense itching, dry skin, and recurrent eczematous lesions. The disease typically begins in childhood; however, it can persist into adulthood or develop later in life. AD is associated with skin-barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation and often occurs in individuals with other atopic conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), also known as inverse acne, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 1% of the global population. It is characterized by painful, deep-seated lumps, abscesses, and fistulas that occur in areas such as the armpits, groin, genital regions, and under the breasts. The disease significantly reduces quality of life and can lead to serious systemic complications, including inflammatory joint and bowel diseases, mood disorders, and metabolic disturbances.