Oncology

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with over 2.3 million new cases annually. The disease comprises heterogeneous subtypes classified by hormone receptor status—estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)—and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) expression. Major subtypes include hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative (approximately 70% of cases), HER2-positive (15–20%), and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, 10–15%), each exhibiting distinct biological behaviors and therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. NSCLC is histologically classified into adenocarcinoma (40–50%), squamous cell carcinoma (25–30%), and large cell carcinoma (10–15%). The disease is often diagnosed at advanced stages (III–IV), although early detection through low-dose CT screening is improving outcomes in high-risk populations. Smoking remains the primary risk factor; however, approximately 10–25% of cases occur in never-smokers, particularly adenocarcinomas harboring oncogenic driver mutations.