Pulmonology

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects millions of people worldwide across all age groups. It causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, resulting from airway hyperresponsiveness and variable airflow obstruction. Asthma can range from mild intermittent symptoms to severe persistent disease. Environmental factors, allergens, and physical activity can trigger asthma exacerbations.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms. The condition primarily results from cigarette smoking and environmental exposures and encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Patients commonly experience dyspnea, chronic cough, and sputum production. COPD causes significant morbidity and is a major contributor to mortality worldwide.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a group of lung diseases characterized by progressive scarring of lung tissue. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of pulmonary fibrosis. The fibrotic process impairs oxygen exchange in the lungs and reduces lung capacity. Patients experience progressive dyspnea, persistent dry cough, and declining lung function. The disease typically affects older adults and is associated with a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for slowing disease progression.

Chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes. The condition is defined by a chronic productive cough lasting at least three months per year for two consecutive years. Mucus hypersecretion and airway inflammation cause persistent symptoms. Smoking is the primary risk factor; however, environmental pollutants and occupational exposures also contribute. The disease increases susceptibility to respiratory infections and acute exacerbations.