Rheumatology

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, affecting approximately 30% of individuals with the condition. It can cause joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, and may lead to permanent joint damage if left untreated. PsA can affect any joint in the body; however, it most commonly involves the fingers, toes, spine, and sacroiliac joints. Beyond joint symptoms, patients may also experience enthesitis and dactylitis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints in a symmetrical pattern. It causes inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to joint pain, swelling, and potential joint destruction. RA most commonly affects the small joints of the hands and feet, although it can involve any joint in the body. Beyond articular manifestations, RA may also cause systemic complications, including cardiovascular disease, pulmonary involvement, and rheumatoid nodules.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. The condition is often called a “silent disease” because bone loss occurs without symptoms. Osteoporotic fractures commonly occur in the spine, hip, and wrist, and can result in significant morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life. Risk factors include age, female gender, and low body weight. Additionally, certain medications and medical conditions can increase risk.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis worldwide. It is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage breakdown and primarily affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, although it can also involve the hands and other joints. OA causes joint pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion, with symptoms typically worsening with activity and improving with rest. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injury, and genetic predisposition. The disease can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life.